Development
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Research Article
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Wolfgang E. Gallwitz, Theresa A. Guise, Gregory R. Mundy
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Research Article
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Dipak Panigrahy, Samuel Singer, Lucy Q. Shen, Catherine E. Butterfield, Deborah A. Freedman, Emy J. Chen, Marsha A. Moses, Susan Kilroy, Stefan Duensing, Christopher Fletcher, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Lynn Hlatky, Philip Hahnfeldt, Judah Folkman, Arja Kaipainen
UV-induction of keratinocyte endothelin-1 downregulates E-cadherin in melanocytes and melanoma cells
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Research Article
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Sumayah Jamal, Robert J. Schneider
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Research Article
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Flavio Curnis, Angelina Sacchi, Angelo Corti
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Research Article
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Dinesh S. Rao, Teresa S. Hyun, Priti D. Kumar, Ikuko F. Mizukami, Mark A. Rubin, Peter C. Lucas, Martin G. Sanda, Theodora S. Ross
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Research Article
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April L. Blajeski, Vy A. Phan, Timothy J. Kottke, Scott H. Kaufmann
Abstract
TGF-βs are potent inhibitors of epithelial cell proliferation. However, in established carcinomas, autocrine/paracrine TGF-β interactions can enhance tumor cell viability and progression. Thus, we studied the effect of a soluble Fc:TGF-β type II receptor fusion protein (Fc:TβRII) on transgenic and transplantable models of breast cancer metastases. Systemic administration of Fc:TβRII did not alter primary mammary tumor latency in MMTV-Polyomavirus middle T antigen transgenic mice. However, Fc:TβRII increased apoptosis in primary tumors, while reducing tumor cell motility, intravasation, and lung metastases. These effects correlated with inhibition of Akt activity and FKHRL1 phosphorylation. Fc:TβRII also inhibited metastases from transplanted 4T1 and EMT-6 mammary tumors in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Tumor microvessel density in a mouse dorsal skin window chamber was unaffected by Fc:TβRII. Therefore, blockade of TGF-β signaling may reduce tumor cell viability and migratory potential and represents a testable therapeutic approach against metastatic carcinomas.
Authors
Rebecca S. Muraoka, Nancy Dumont, Christoph A. Ritter, Teresa C. Dugger, Dana M. Brantley, Jin Chen, Evangeline Easterly, L. Renee Roebuck, Sarah Ryan, Philip J. Gotwals, Victor Koteliansky, Carlos L. Arteaga
Abstract
Whole-body irradiation at the minimal lethal dose causes bone marrow failure and death within 12–18 days. To identify the principal components of the hematopoietic system that are radioprotective, we transplanted lethally irradiated mice with purified progenitors: common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), megakaryocyte/erythrocyte-restricted progenitors (MEPs), or granulocyte/monocyte-restricted progenitors (GMPs). Transplanted CMPs gave rise to cells both of the granulocyte/monocyte (GM) series and the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte series, whereas GMPs or MEPs showed reconstitution of only GM or ME cells, respectively. CMPs and MEPs but not GMPs protected mice in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that erythrocytes, platelets, or both are the critical effectors of radioprotection. Accordingly, CMPs and MEPs formed robust colonies in recipient bone marrow and spleen, whereas GMPs formed small colonies that rapidly disappeared. Direct comparisons of spleen CFU (CFU-S) potentials among each progenitor subset showed that MEPs contain the vast majority of day 8 CFU-S activity, suggesting that day 8 CFU-S are the precursors of radioprotective cell subsets. All animals radioprotected for 30 days subsequently survived for at least 6 months post-transplant, and showed only host-derived hematopoiesis after 30 days. These findings suggest that rare hematopoietic stem cells survive myeloablation that can eventually repopulate irradiated hosts if myeloerythroid-restricted progenitors transiently rescue ablated animals through the critical window of bone marrow failure.
Authors
Thanyaphong Na Nakorn, David Traver, Irving L. Weissman, Koichi Akashi
Abstract
TGF-βs play diverse and complex roles in many biological processes. In tumorigenesis, they can function either as tumor suppressors or as pro-oncogenic factors, depending on the stage of the disease. We have developed transgenic mice expressing a TGF-β antagonist of the soluble type II TGF-β receptor:Fc fusion protein class, under the regulation of the mammary-selective MMTV-LTR promoter/enhancer. Biologically significant levels of antagonist were detectable in the serum and most tissues of this mouse line. The mice were resistant to the development of metastases at multiple organ sites when compared with wild-type controls, both in a tail vein metastasis assay using isogenic melanoma cells and in crosses with the MMTV-neu transgenic mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Importantly, metastasis from endogenous mammary tumors was suppressed without any enhancement of primary tumorigenesis. Furthermore, aged transgenic mice did not exhibit the severe pathology characteristic of TGF-β null mice, despite lifetime exposure to the antagonist. The data suggest that in vivo the antagonist may selectively neutralize the undesirable TGF-β associated with metastasis, while sparing the regulatory roles of TGF-βs in normal tissues. Thus this soluble TGF-β antagonist has potential for long-term clinical use in the prevention of metastasis.
Authors
Yu-an Yang, Oksana Dukhanina, Binwu Tang, Mizuko Mamura, John J. Letterio, Jennifer MacGregor, Sejal C. Patel, Shahram Khozin, Zi-yao Liu, Jeffrey Green, Miriam R. Anver, Glenn Merlino, Lalage M. Wakefield
Abstract
In gastrointestinal epithelium, metaplastic conversion between predominant cell types is associated with an increased risk of neoplasia. However, the mechanisms regulating metaplastic transitions in adult epithelia are largely undefined. Here we show that matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is expressed not only in the majority of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens, but also in human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and metaplastic duct lesions in human and mouse. In a mouse model of pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, MMP-7 progressively accumulates during the metaplastic transition, resulting in a concomitant increase in solubilization of Fas ligand (FasL). Under identical conditions, mice either deficient in MMP-7 or carrying an inactive FasL gene are severely inhibited in development of progressive metaplasia and acinar cell apoptosis. Thus, MMP-7 and FasL influence the initiation and maintenance of metaplastic events in pancreatic epithelium, explaining the observed link between metaplasia and apoptosis in pancreas and other gastrointestinal tissues.
Authors
Howard C. Crawford, Charles R. Scoggins, M. Kay Washington, Lynn M. Matrisian, Steven D. Leach
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Copyright © 2019 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)